Connecticut State Department of Energy & Environmental Protection

Managing Urban Deer in Connecticut


References and Suggested Readings


The following listed publications were used as references (as indicated in the text by number in superscript) for Urban Deer Management in Connecticut (2026).

  1. Boulanger, J. R., P. D. Curtis, E. G. Cooch, and A. J. DeNicola. 2012. Sterilization as an alternative deer control technique. Human-Wildlife Interactions. 6:273- 282.
  2. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 1999. Lyme disease is in the United States. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 50(10) 181-185.
  3. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 2000. Human ehrlichiosis in the United States. Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
  4. Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection. 1996. Assessment of the 1996 deer reduction plan and future management at Bluff Point Coastal Reserve Groton, Connecticut. Bureau of Natural Resources, Wildlife Division, Hartford, Connecticut, USA.
  5. Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection. 2000-2019. Connecticut hunting accident data. Bureau of Natural Resources, Wildlife Division, Hartford, Connecticut, USA.
  6. Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection. 2024. Connecticut hunting and trapping guide, 2023. Bureau of Natural Resources, Wildlife Division, Hartford, Connecticut, USA.
  7. Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection. 2002. Assessment of the 2001 shotgun-archery deer hunt in Mumford Cove and Groton Long Point Connecticut. Bureau of Natural Resources, Wildlife Division, Hartford, Connecticut, USA.
  8. Connecticut Department of Public Health. 1991-2020. Lyme disease statistics from the Connecticut Department of Public Health. Hartford, Connecticut, USA.
  9. Connecticut Department of Public Health. 1990-1999. Reported Cases of Connecticut Reportable Diseases. Reportable Diseases. Hartford, Connecticut, USA.
  10. Connecticut Department of Public Health. 2011-2020. Connecticut Annual Infectious Diseases Statistics from the Connecticut Department of Public Health. Hartford, Connecticut, USA.
  11. Connecticut Department of Transportation-University of Connecticut Crash Data Repository.
  12. Conover, M. R. 1995. What is the urban deer problem and where did it come from? Pages 11-18 in J. B. McAninch, editor. Urban deer: A manageable resource? Proceedings of the Symposium of the North Central Section, The Wildlife Society, 12-14 December 1993, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
  13. Conover, M. R. 1997. Monetary and intangible valuation of deer in the United States. Wildlife Society Bulletin 25:298-305.
  14. Conover, M. R., W. C. Pitt, K. K. Kessler, T. J. DuBow, and W. A. Sanborn. 1995. Review of human injuries, illnesses, and economic losses caused by wildlife in the United States. Wildlife Society Bulletin 23:407-414.
  15. Curtis, P. D., C. Fitzgerald, and M. E. Richmond. 1995. Evaluation of the Yard Gard Ultrasonic Yard Protector for Repelling White-tailed Deer. Proc. East. Wild. Damage Manage. Conf 7:172-176.
  16. Deblinger R. D., D. W. Rimmer, J. J. Vaske, and G. M. Vecellio. 1995. Efficiency of controlled, limited hunting at the Crane Reservation in Ipswich, Massachusetts. Pages 75-89 in J. B. McAninch, editor. Urban deer: A manageable resource? Proceedings of the Symposium of the North Central Section, The Wildlife Society, 12-14 December 1993, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
  17. DeCalesta, D. S. 1994. Effect of white-tailed deer on songbirds within managed forests in Pennsylvania. Journal of Wildlife Management. 58:711-718.
  18. DeNicola, A. J., K. C. VerCauteren, P. D. Curtis, and S. E. Hygnstrom. 2000. Managing white-tailed deer in suburban environments: a technical guide. Media and technology services, Ithaca, New York, USA.
  19. Doenier, P. B., G. D. DelGiudice, and M. R. Riggs. 1997. Effects of winter supplemental feeding on browse consumption by white-tailed deer. Wildlife Society Bulletin 25:235-243.
  20. Drummond, F. 1995. Lethal and nonlethal deer management at Ryerson Conservation Area, Northeastern Illinois. Pages 105-109 in J. B. McAninch, editor. Urban deer: A manageable resource? Proceedings of the Symposium of the North Central Section, The Wildlife Society, 12-14 December 1993, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
  21. Ellingwood, M. R. 1991. A guide to implementing a controlled deer hunt; a companion to “An evaluation of deer management options.” State of Connecticut, Department of Environmental Protection, Wildlife Division DR-16.
  22. Ellingwood, M. R., and S. L. Caturano. 1988. An evaluation of deer management options. Bureau of Natural Resources, Wildlife Division, Hartford, Connecticut No. DR-11.
  23. Flyger, V., D. L. Leedy, and T. M. Franklin. 1983. Wildlife damage control in eastern cities and suburbs. Proceedings of the Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference 1:27-32.
  24. Ishmael, W. E., D. E. Katsma, T. A. Isaac, and B. K. Bryant. 1995. Live-capture and translocation of suburban white-tailed deer in River Mills, Wisconsin. Pages 87-96 in J. B. McAninch, editor. Urban deer: A manageable resource? Proceedings of the Symposium of the North Central Section, The Wildlife Society, 12-14 December 1993, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
  25. Ishmael, W. E., and O. J. Rongstad. 1984. Economics of an urban deer-removal program. Wildlife Society Bulletin 12: 394-398.
  26. Jones, J. M., and J. H. Witham. 1990. Post-translocation survival and movements of metropolitan white-tailed deer. Wildlife Society Bulletin 18:434- 441.
  27. Jones, J. M., and J. H. Witham. 1995. Urban deer “problem solving” in northeast Illinois: An overview. Pages 58-65 in J. B. McAninch, editor. Urban deer: A manageable resource? Proceedings of the Symposium of the North Central Section, The Wildlife Society, 12-14 December 1993, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
  28. Kilpatrick, H. J., K. A. Eccleston, and M. R. Ellingwood. 1996. Attitudes and perceptions of a suburban community experiencing deer/human conflicts. Transactions Northeast Fish and Wildlife Conference, Harford, Connecticut 52:19.
  29. Kilpatrick, H. J., and A. M. LaBonte. 2003. Deer hunting in a residential community: the community’s perspective. Wildlife Society Bulletin 31:340-348.
  30. Kilpatrick, H. J., A. M. LaBonte, and J. S. Barclay. 2007. Acceptance of deer management strategies by suburban homeowners and bowhunters in a suburban community. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:2095–2101.
  31. Kilpatrick, H. J., A. M. LaBonte, J. S. Barclay, and G. Warner. 2004. Assessing strategies to improve bowhunting as an urban deer management tool. Wildlife Society Bulletin 32:1177-1184.
  32. Kilpatrick, H. J., A. M. LaBonte, and J. T. Seymour. 2002. A shotgun-archery deer hunt in a residential community: evaluation of hunt strategies and effectiveness. Wildlife Society Bulletin 30:478-486.
  33. Kilpatrick, H. J., A. M. LaBonte, and K. C. Stafford. 2014. The Relationship Between Deer Density, Tick Abundance, and Human Cases of Lyme Disease in a Residential Community. J. Med. Entomol. 51: 777-784.
  34. Kipatrick, H. J., and S. M. Spohr. 2000. Spatial and temporal use of a suburban landscape by female white-tailed deer. Wildlife Society Bulletin 28:1023-1029.
  35. Kilpatrick, H. J., S. M. Spohr, and K. K. Lima. 2001. Effects of population reduction on home ranges of female white-tailed deer at high densities. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79:949-954.
  36. Kilpatrick, H. J., and W. D. Walter. 1997. Urban deer management: a community vote. Wildlife Society Bulletin 26:388-391.
  37. Kilpatrick, H. J., and W. D. Walter. 1999. A controlled archery deer hunt in a residential community: cost, effectiveness, and deer recovery rates. Wildlife Society Bulletin 27:115-123.
  38. LaBonte, A. M., H. J. Kilpatrick, and M. A. Gregonis. 2006. 2004 Connecticut Deer Summary Report. Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Natural Resources, Wildlife Division, Hartford, Connecticut, USA.
  39. LaBonte, A. M., and H. J. Kilpatrick. 2023. 2022 Connecticut Deer Summary Report. Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Natural Resources, Wildlife Division, Hartford, Connecticut, USA.
  40. McDonald, J. E., M. R. Ellingwood, and G. M. Vecellio. 1998. Case studies in controlled deer hunting. New Hampshire Fish and Game Department, Concord, New Hampshire, USA.
  41. McNulty, S. A., W. F. Porter, N. E. Mathews, and J. A. Hill. 1997. Localized management for reducing white-tailed deer populations. Wildlife Society Bulletin 25:265-271.
  42. McShea, W. J., and J. H. Rappole. 2000. Managing the abundance and diversity of breeding bird populations through manipulation of deer populations. Conservation Biology 14:1161-1170.
  43. National Audubon Society, CT Audubon 115 Great Deer Resistant Native Plants.
  44. New York Department of Environmental Conservation 2001. License to Use 4-Poster TM Devices.
  45. Porter, W. F., N. E. Mathews, H. B. Underwood, R. W. Sage Jr., and D. F. Behrend. 1991. Social organization in deer: implications for localized management. Environmental Management 15:809-814.
  46. Rand, P. W., C. Lubelczyk, M. S. Holman, Eleanor H. Lacombe, and R. P. Smith Jr. 2004. Abundance of Ixodes scapularis (acari:Ixodidae) after complete removal of deer from an isolated offshore island, endemic for Lyme disease. Journal of Medical Entomology 41:779-784.
  47. Schwabe, K. A., P. W. Schuhmann, M. J. Tonkovich and E. Wu. 2000. An Analysis of Deer-Vehicle Collisions: The Case of Ohio. USDA National Wildlife Research Center Symposia. Human Conflicts with Wildlife: Economics Considerations 91-103.
  48. Stafford, K. C. 2004. Tick management handbook: an integrated guide for homeowners, pest control operators, and public health officials for the prevention of tick-associated disease. The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
  49. Stafford, K. C., and A. J. DeNicola. 2002. USDA northeast area-wide tick control project; Connecticut site. Final progress report for USDA Regional Tick Control Project/Connecticut.
  50. Stafford, K. C., A. J. DeNicola, and H. J. Kilpatrick. 2003. Reduced abundance of Ixodes scapularis (acari: Ixodidae) and the tick parasitoid Ixodipohagus hookeri (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) with reduction of white-tailed deer. Journal of Medical Entomology
    40:642-652.
  51. Telford, S. R. 1993. Forum: perspectives on the environmental management of ticks and Lyme disease. Pages 164-167 in Howard S. Ginsberg, Ecology and environmental management of Lyme disease. New Brunswick, N.J. Rutgers University Press.
  52. Walker, M. J., G. C. Shank, M. K. Stoskopf, L. J. Minter and C. S. DePerno. 2021. Efficacy and Cost of GonaCon™ for Population Control in a Free-ranging White-tailed Deer Population. Wildlife Society Bulletin 45:489-596.
  53. Waller, D. M., and W. S. Alverson. 1997. The white-tailed deer: a keystone herbivore. Wildlife Society Bulletin (1973–2006) 25:217–226.
  54. Walter, W. D., P. J. Pekins, A. T. Rutberg, and H. J. Kilpatrick. 2002. Evaluation of immunocontraception in a free-ranging suburban white-tailed deer herd. Wildlife Society Bulletin 30:186-192.
  55. Wilson, M. L., A. M. Ducey, T. S. Litwin, T. A. Gavin, and A. Spielman. 1990. Microgeographic distribution of immature Ixodes dammini ticks correlated with deer. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 4:151-159.
  56. White Buffalo Inc. Deer Management Techniques-Surgical Sterilization

Content last updated in August 2026.