Resources

[1] National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Weather Service, NOWDATA, Hartford-Bradley International Airport, Accessed January 7, 2025; www.weather.gov/wrh/Climate?wfo=box.

[2] Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection (DEEP), BUILDING A LOW CARBON FUTURE FOR CONNECTICUT ACHIEVING A 45% GHG REDUCTION BY 2030; portal.ct.gov/-/media/DEEP/climatechange/publications/BuildingaLowCarbonFutureforCTGC3Recommendationspdf.pdf#page=20.

[3] DEEP, Bureau of Energy and Technology Policy, personal communication from M. Malmrose, March 28, 2024. 1990-2021 with a preliminary look at 2022 Connecticut Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory, April 2024; portal.ct.gov/-/media/deep/climatechange/1990-2021-ghg-inventory/deep_ghg_report_90-21_pre-22.pdf.

[4] EPA, Facility Level Information on GreenHouse Gases Tool (FLIGHT), accessed October 30, 2024; ghgdata.epa.gov/ghgp/main.do. Includes power plants, petroleum and natural gas systems, chemicals, waste, pulp and paper, and other emissions.

[5] EPA, Air Data: Air Quality Data Collected at Outdoor Monitors Across the US; www.epa.gov/outdoor-air-quality-data  .

[6] EPA, AirNow, Air Quality Index (AQI) Basics; www.airnow.gov/aqi/aqi-basics/

[7] EPA, AirNow, Interactive Map of Air Quality, Archive – June 20, 2024; gispub.epa.gov/airnow/index.html.

[8] DEEP, Air Quality Trends – Ozone; portal.ct.gov/DEEP/Air/Monitoring/Trends/Ozone-Trends.

[9] DEEP, Source Contribution to Connecticut’s Ozone Problem; portal.ct.gov/deep/air/planning/ozone/source-contribution-to-connecticut-ozone.

[10] DEEP, Presentation by Paul Farrell “Update on ozone reclassifications of CT Nonattainment areas for the 2008 & 2015 Ozone NAAQS”, September 25, 2025

[11] DEEP, Monthly Open Space Reports to the Finance, Revenue and Bonding Committee and the State Bond Commission, 2024 Open Space Reports; portal.ct.gov/DEEP/Open-Space/DEEP-Monthly-Open-Space-Reports.

[12] EPA, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2022, 2023 Chapter 6: Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (April 11, 2024, 430R24004); www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-04/us-ghg-inventory-2024-chapter-6-land-use-land-use-change-and-forestry_0.pdf.

[13] DEEP, Monthly Open Space Reports to the Finance, Revenue and Bonding Committee and the State Bond Commission, 2024 Open Space Reports; portal.ct.gov/DEEP/Open-Space/DEEP-Monthly-Open-Space-Reports.

[14] Connecticut State Library, Select Initiatives of Governor John G. Rowland; https://www.ct.gov/GovernorRowland/cwp/view.asp?a=1327&q=255888.

[15] United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service. Forests of Connecticut, 2023. Resource Update FS-571. April 2025; public.tableau.com/views/FIA_OneClick_V2/Pageone?%3Aorigin=viz_share_link&%3AshowVizHome=no#2.

[16] DEEP and the United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Trends In Connecticut’s Forests: A Half-Century of Change, NE-INF-143-01; www.fs.usda.gov/ne/newtown_square/publications/brochures/pdfs/state_forests/ct_forest.pdf.

[17] New York Department of Environmental Conservation, Immerse Yourself in a Forest for Better Health; www.dec.ny.gov/lands/90720.html#:~:text=We%20enjoy%20the%20beauty%20and,green%20spaces%20may%20improve%20health.

[18] DEEP, GC3 Final Report: Working & Natural Lands Working Group - Rivers Sub-Working Group, p. 5; portal.ct.gov/-/media/DEEP/climatechange/GC3/GC3-working-group-reports/GC3-WNLWG-Rivers-Final-Report-11-20-20.pdf.

[19] UConn CLEAR, CT Forest Fragmentation; clear.uconn.edu/projects/landscape/ct-forestfrag/.

[20] University of Connecticut (UConn), Center for Land Use Education and Research (CLEAR), personal communication from Q. Lei-Parent received February 23, 2025.

[21] DEEP, 2020 Connect Forest Action Plan portal.ct.gov/-/media/DEEP/forestry/2020-Approved-CT-Forest-Action-Plan.pdf; 

[22] DEEP, D. Danica and UConn, I. Zafetti, personal communication 3-12-2024

[23] United State Census Bureau, County-level Urban and Rural information for the 2020 Census, (Updated September 2023) County-level 2020 Census Urban and Rural Information for the U.S., Puerto Rico, and Island Areas sorted by state and county FIPS codes, accessed March 18, 2024; www2.census.gov/geo/docs/reference/ua/2020_UA_COUNTY.xlsx.

[24] Nowak, David J; Greenfield, Eric J. 2018. US Urban Forest Statistics, Values, and Projections. Journal of Forestry. 116(2): 164-177.; www.fs.usda.gov/nrs/pubs/jrnl/2018/nrs_2018_Nowak_003.pdf.

[25] DEEP, General Urban Forestry Information; portal.ct.gov/DEEP/Forestry/Urban-Forestry/General-Urban-Forestry-Information.

[26]   Connecticut Department of Agriculture (DoAg), Farmland Preservation Program Report, List of Calendar Year 2024 PDR Farmland Closings, January 1, 2024 ‐ Dec. 31, 2024; personal communication from C. Weimar, February 13, 2025.

[27] United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 2023 State Agriculture Overview; www.nass.usda.gov/Quick_Stats/Ag_Overview/stateOverview.php?state=CONNECTICUT, and 2022 Census of Agriculture; www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2022/Full_Report/Volume_1,_Chapter_1_State_Level/Connecticut/ctv1.pdf.

[28] USDA, Census of Agriculture Historical Archive, Connecticut 1982; agcensus.library.cornell.edu/wp-content/uploads/1982-Connecticut-CHAPTER_1_State_Data-121-Table-01.pdf.

[29] DEEP, GC3 Final Report: Working & Natural Lands Working Group - Agriculture/Soils Working Subgroup; portal.ct.gov/-/media/DEEP/climatechange/GC3/GC3-working-group-reports/GC3_WNL_Ag_Soils_Final_Report_111320.pdf#page=5..

[30] Connecticut General Statutes (CGS) Sec. 22a-38 (15); www.cga.ct.gov/current/pub/chap_440.htm#sec_22a-38.

[31] DEEP, personal communication from K. O’Neill, February 10, 2025.

[32] DEEP, Final Report: Working and Natural Lands Working Group, Wetlands Subgroup, November 2020; portal.ct.gov/-/media/DEEP/climatechange/GC3/GC3-working-group-reports/GC3_WNL_Wetlands_Final_Report_111320.pdf#page=11.

[33] DEEP, 2022 Integrated Water Quality Report to Congress; portal.ct.gov/DEEP/Water/Water-Quality/Water-Quality-305b-Report-to-Congress.

[34] DEEP, CT Sewage Right-to-Know webpage and CT DEEP Performance Dashboard, accessed 4-1-2025; portal.ct.gov/deep/municipal-wastewater/ct-sewage-right-to-know. Frequently Asked Questions about Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs); portal.ct.gov/deep/municipal-wastewater/combined-sewer-overflows-frequently-asked-questions.

[35] DEEP; Long Island Sound Water Quality and Hypoxia Monitoring Program, personal communication from K. O’Brien-Clayton, November 25, 2024; portal.ct.gov/DEEP/Water/LIS-Monitoring/LIS-Water-Quality-Monitoring-Maps..

[36] Long Island Sound Study Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan, 2015; longislandsoundstudy.net/2015/09/2015-comprehensive-conservation-and-management-plan/.

[37] DEEP, Nitrogen Control Program for Long Island Sound; personal communications from I. Raffa, April 1, 2025 

[38] DEEP, Nitrogen Control Program for Long Island Sound; The Long Island Sound TMDL Frequently Asked Questions; portal.ct.gov/-/media/DEEP/water/lis_water_quality/nitrogen_control_program/tmdlfaqpdf.pdf

[39] DEEP; Long Island Sound Water Quality and Hypoxia Monitoring Program, personal communication from K. O’Brien-Clayton, December 13, 2024.

[40] National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Tides and Currents, Water Levels – 8467150 Bridgeport, accessed January 16, 2025
tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/waterlevels.html?id=8467150&units=standard&bdate=19600101&edate=20240101&timezone=GMT&datum=MSL&interval=m&action=data.

[41] NOAA, Tides and Currents, Relative Sea Level Trend 8467150 Bridgeport; tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/sltrends/sltrends_station.shtml?id=8467150.

[42] EPA, Beach Advisory and Closing On-line Notification, accessed January 27, 2025; watersgeo.epa.gov/beacon2/reports.html.

[43] Long Island Sound Study Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan, 2015; longislandsoundstudy.net/2015/09/2015-comprehensive-conservation-and-management-plan//.

[44] DoAg, Bureau of Aquaculture, personal communication with M. Zuber, December 27, 2024..

[45] DEEP, 2022 Integrated Water Quality Report to Congress, p. 38; portal.ct.gov/-/media/DEEP/water/water_quality_management/305b/2022/IWQR-Final-2022.pdf#page=42.

[46] Long Island Sound Study Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan, 2015; https://longislandsoundstudy.net/2015/09/2015-comprehensive-conservation-and-management-plan/.

[47] EPA, Drinking Water Performance and Results Report, Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) tool, GPRA Summary Report and GPRA Violation Report, accessed January 15, 2025; www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/drinking-water-performance-and-results-report.

[48] Department of Public Health (DPH), Freedom of Information Response received March 5, 2025.

[49] DPH, Press Releases, Connecticut Department of Public Health Updates Drinking Water Action Level For Per And Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS), June 15, 2022; portal.ct.gov/DPH/Newsroom/Press-Releases---2022/PFAS-June-2022.

[50] EPA, The Fifth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 5) Program Overview Fact Sheet; www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2022-02/ucmr5-factsheet.pdf.

[51] EPA, FY2022 – FY2026 EPA Strategic Plan, March 2022; www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2022-03/fy-2022-2026-epa-strategic-plan.pdf.

[52] NOAA, Annual commercial landing statistics, 1970-2023, accessed December 5, 2024; www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/sustainable-fisheries/commercial-fisheries-landings.

[53] Kisei R. Tanaka, Michael P. Torre et al., “An ensemble high-resolution projection of changes in the future habitat of American lobster and sea scallop in the Northeast US continental shelf”; April 27, 2020; doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13069.

[54] DEEP, Division of Marine Fisheries; personal communication from K. Gottschall February 22, 2024.

[55] DEEP, Wildlife Division; personal communication from L. Saucier, February 13, 2025.

[56] United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus) Atlantic Coast Population Revised Recovery Plan, May 2, 1996; omnilearn.net/esacourse/pdfs/piping_plover_recovery_plan96.pdf.

[57] USFWS, “Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus) 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation”, March 2020, p. 138; ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_year_review/doc6378.pdf.

[58] USFWS, 2019 Atlantic Coast Piping Plover Abundance and Productivity Estimates, April 16, 2020; www.fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/news-attached-files/2019-Update-Final.pdf.

[59] DEEP, Wildlife Division, Wildlife Diversity Program, and State and Tribal Wildlife Grants programs; personal communication from B. Hess, January 9, 2025.

[60] DEEP, personal communication from B. Hess, March 3 and 4, 2025.

[61] The Connecticut Audubon Society, Osprey Nation 2024 Season Report, November 8, 2024; www.ctaudubon.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Osprey-Nation-2024-Report.docx-2.pdf.

[62] USGS, Eastern Ecological Science Center, North American Breeding Bird Survey, accessed 10-20-2023; www.pwrc.usgs.gov/bbs/

[63]   DEEP, Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Reptiles; portal.ct.gov/DEEP/Endangered-Species/Endangered-Species-Listings/Endangered-Threatened--Special-Concern-Reptiles.

[64] DEEP, Wildlife Division, Wildlife Diversity Program, and State and Tribal Wildlife Grants programs; personal communication from D. Fraser, December 7, 2023.

[65]   USFWS, Final Rule – Northern Long-Eared Bat; www.fws.gov/species/northern-long-eared-bat-myotis-septentrionalis.

[66] USFWS, Tricolored Bat; www.fws.gov/species/tricolored-bat-perimyotis-subflavus.

[67] Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station (CAES); personal communication from J. Shepard, November 15, 2024.

[68]   United States Army Corps of Engineers, New England District Website, Connecticut River Hydrilla Research & Demonstration Project; storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/ac89d2534fa0490db6c8718191411bd1.

[69] DEEP, Bureau of Materials Management and Compliance Assurance; personal communication from B. Gianetti, December 11, 2024.

[70] DEEP, Bureau of Materials Management and Compliance Assurance; personal communication from B. Giannetti, December 12, 2024.

[71] DEEP, Bureau of Materials Management and Compliance Assurance; CT Bottle Bill Redemption Data, accessed November 6, 2024; portal.ct.gov/-/media/deep/reduce_reuse_recycle/bottles/bottle-bill-data---aug-2024---thru-q2-2024.pdf.

[72] Energy Information Administration (EIA), Electricity Data Browser, Retail Sales of Electricity, Residential Sector, Accessed March 3, 2025; www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/#/topic/5?agg=0,1&geo=008&endsec=o&freq=A&start=2001&end=2022&ctype=linechart&ltype=pin&rtype=s&pin=&rse=0&maptype=0.

[73] EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail Sales of Electricity, Commercial and Industrial Sector, Accessed March 3, 2025; www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/#/topic/5?agg=0,1&geo=008&endsec=m&freq=A&start=2001&end=2022&ctype=linechart&ltype=pin&rtype=s&maptype=0&rse=0&pin=.

[74] Energize Connecticut, Connecticut Statewide Energy Efficiency Dashboard, accessed January 30, 2025; www.ctenergydashboard.com/Public/PublicPerformanceReports.aspx.

[75] DEEP, personal communication from Benjamin McMillan, February 4, 2025.

[76] ISO-New England, Final 2024 Energy Efficiency Forecast and Appendix (3.1 Average Annual Emissions), April 28, 2024; www.iso-ne.com/static-assets/documents/100010/eef2024_final_4site.pdf

[77] DEEP, 2018 Connecticut Comprehensive Energy Strategy, Building Sector; portal.ct.gov/-/media/DEEP/energy/CES/BuildingsSectorpdf.pdf.

[78] U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Emerging Technologies; www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/emerging-technologies.

[79] EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net Generation for Electric Power, Annual (CT - All Fuels); accessed March 3, 2025; www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/#/topic/0?agg=2,0,1&fuel=vtvv&geo=008&sec=008&linechart=ELEC.GEN.ALL-CT-98.A&columnchart=ELEC.GEN.ALL-CT-98.A&map=ELEC.GEN.ALL-CT-98.A&freq=A&ctype=linechart&ltype=pin&rtype=s&maptype=0&rse=0&pin=. 

[80] DEEP, Bureau of Energy and Technology Policy; personal communication from M. Malmrose, March 14, 2025.

[81] DEEP, Grid Scale Competitive Procurements; portal.ct.gov/DEEP/Energy/Grid-Scale-Procurements.

[82] DEEP, Press Releases, Connecticut Announces Clean Energy Selections, December 20, 2024; portal.ct.gov/deep/news-releases/news-releases---2024/connecticut-announces-clean-energy-selections.

[83] ISO-New England, Final 2024 Transportation Electrification Forecast, May 1, 2024; www.iso-ne.com/static-assets/documents/100011/transfx2024_final.pdf.

[84] ISO-New England, Final 2024 Heating Electrification Forecast, Slides 18 and 23, April 27, 2024; www.iso-ne.com/static-assets/documents/100010/final-2024-heating-electrification-forecast.pdf.

[85] DEEP, Connecticut Renewable Portfolio Standard, accessed 2-18-2025; portal.ct.gov/pura/rps/renewable-portfolio-standards-overview.

[86] ISO-New England, Distributed Generation Forecast Working Group, December 2024 DER Photovoltaic Interconnection Data Update, February 10, 2025; www.iso-ne.com/static-assets/documents/100020/dec_2024_der_pv_installations.pdf.

[87] ISO-New England, 2023 ISO New England Electric Generator Air Emissions Report: Appendix, October 16, 2024; TABLE 3.2; https://www.iso-ne.com/static-assets/documents/100016/2023-air-emission-report-appendix-20241016.xlsx.

[88] ISO-New England, 2023 Photovoltaic (PV) Forecast, slides 34 and 43, October 16, 2024; www.iso-ne.com/static-assets/documents/100016/2023-air-emission-report-20241016.pdf.

[89] Connecticut Siting Council, Decisions and Pending Matters; portal.ct.gov/CSC.

[90] Energy Storage Solutions Performance Report, slide 10 of 19, accessed 2-5-2025; energystoragect.com/ess-performance-report/.

[91] DEEP, Bureau of Air Management; personal communication from W. Barozi, March 4, 2025; EV Registration Factsheet, revised . USDOT, Federal Highway Administration. State Motor-Vehicle Registrations – 2022, November 2023; www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics/2022/mv1.cfm#foot2

[92] ISO-New England, Final 2024 Transportation Electrification Forecast, May 1, 2024; www.iso-ne.com/static-assets/documents/100011/transfx2024_final.pdf.

[93] Connecticut Department of Administrative Services (DAS), personal communication from S. McGirr, January 7, 2025, and Connecticut Department of Transportation (CTDOT), personal communication from P. Zelez, January 14, 2025.

[94] DEEP, 2020 Electric Vehicle Roadmap for Connecticut, April 21, 2020; portal.ct.gov/DEEP/Climate-Change/EV-Roadmap.

[95] United States Department of Transportation (US DOT), Federal Highway Administration, Office of Highway Policy Information, Motor Fuel & Highway Trust Fund; www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/motorfuelhwy_trustfund.cfm.

[96] United State Energy Information Administration (EIA), State Energy Data System (SEDS): 2023 Updates by energy source State Energy Data System, Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel consumption estimates, 2023; www.eia.gov/state/seds/seds-data-fuel.php?sid=CT#Petroleum,Tables F1 and F2.

[97] CTDOT, Bureau of Public Transportation, Office of Transit & Ridesharing; personal communication from T. Roth; March 17, 2025.

[98] CTDOT, CTTransit, Reduced Fares; www.cttransit.com/fares/seniordisabled-reduced-fares/reduced-fares, and CTTransit FAQs- Fares, accessed 3-6-2024; www.cttransit.com/faqs-fares.

[99] DEEP, 2024 Enforcement Statistics (10/01/23 - 09/30/24); portal.ct.gov/DEEP/Enforcement/Reports/Annual-Environmental-Reports.

[100] Council on Environmental Quality, Preliminary findings of the review of programs and measures of local governments on the expenditure of funds from the surcharge on spirit or liquor beverage containers of fifty milliliters or less (Nips), December 19, 2024; portal.ct.gov/-/media/ceq/publications/2025/preliminary-findings-of-the-review-of-the-miniature-beverage-container-surcharge-program-12-20-2024f.pdf.