Connecticut Department of Energy & Environmental Protection

Minimizing Environmental Exposure to PFAS

Key recommendations of the Connecticut PFAS Action Plan identified to minimize Connecticut residents’ exposure to PFAS included testing drinking water and assessing food related PFAS exposure pathways. 

Specifically, DEEP was tasked with 1) identifying and prioritizing testing of private drinking water wells proximal to areas with suspected or confirmed PFAS contamination and 2) identifying, evaluating, and prioritizing other potential sources of human exposure to PFAS, including fish and shellfish and food service ware.   

Private Drinking Water Well Testing
 Fish Testing and Consumption Advisories
Shellfish Testing
Food Packaging and Consumer Products
School Food Ware and Food Composting
 PFAS in Artificial Turf

Private Drinking Water Well Testing

Identification and clean-up of PFAS-contaminated private wells is a priority for DEEP.  DEEP is currently leading private well PFAS investigations in several communities (in concert with DPH, local health and the municipality) in response to known or suspected PFAS releases. Homes that are located in close proximity to a known source of PFAS contamination are eligible to have their drinking water tested by DEEP at no cost to evaluate PFAS concentrations in the water.  If testing indicates that the well has PFAS concentrations that exceed one or more DPH Drinking Water Action Levels, then DEEP has funding to provide support to homeowners in the form of bottled water and the installation of a filtration system.  Efforts are also focused on working with the municipality and local health department to identify the source of the well contamination and develop a long-term solution for the community. 

Additional Resources:

Fish Testing and Consumption Advisories

DEEP has conducted several PFAS-focused surface water and fish tissue studies in collaboration with the CT Department of Public Health (DPH).  Neither DEEP nor DPH have a dedicated funding source for such sampling efforts, therefore the limited monitoring conducted to-date has focused on protecting public health by targeting waters suspected to be contaminated by PFAS.  Information collected is then used to inform water quality assessments as well as fish consumption advisories for the public in this area.

It is a goal of the agency to conduct a statewide surface water and fish tissue study to explore PFAS levels in sport fish tissue and surface water in urban as well as rural areas. These data are necessary to develop water quality criteria and to establish a statewide PFAS-based fish consumption advisory. DEEP will continue to advocate for a dedicated source of funding for future PFAS surface water and fish tissue testing.  In the meantime, to supplement the existing data gap, DEEP and DPH actively support research conducted by the University of Connecticut and other academic institutions, including assisting with sample collection.  DEEP also  participates in national surveys coordinated by US EPA that provide limited additional site-specific PFAS tissue information.  

These PFAS data collected by DEEP and partners is evaluated by CT DPH to determine whether fish from a given waterbody are safe to consume in unlimited quantities or whether a waterbody-specific fish consumption advisory is warranted to protect public health.  To learn more about local PFAS-based consumption advisories, anglers and others who may eat fish caught from Connecticut’s waters are advised to consult the most recent issue of DPH’s publication "If I Catch It, Can I Eat It? A Guide to Eating Fish Safely." Fish consumption advisories exist throughout the state for PFAS as well as other chemicals.

Additional Resources:

Shellfish Testing

In Connecticut, shellfish testing (e.g., oysters and clams) is overseen by the Department of Agriculture's (DoAg) Bureau of Aquaculture. In order to evaluate the risk of PFAS contamination in shellfish collected from Connecticut's shoreline, DoAg partnered with the University of Connecticut and the Greenwich Shellfish Commission in 2020 to study PFAS in shellfish collected from Greenwich, CT.  Encouragingly, PFAS were not detected in any of the oyster samples analyzed through that study.  Since this time, the University of Connecticut has continued to refine its methods for evaluating PFAS in shellfish and continues to pursue new research opportunities along the Connecticut coastline. 

Contact Information:
Additional Resources:

PFAS-Free Food Packaging and Consumer Products

Consumer products that contain PFAS are an important source of individual PFAS exposure.  In addition, the use and eventual disposal of such products contributes to PFAS contamination of the environment.  Since PFAS do not completely break down, once disposed, wastewater discharge and landfill leachate commonly contain PFAS, in part, because of the presence of PFAS in consumer products.  A variety of certification programs are now available for those looking to purchase PFAS-free products. Cleaning products bearing the EPA Safer Choice label have been examined by scientists to insure that products contain only the safest chemicals possible - and no PFAS. Similarly, the Green Seal certification program certifies cleaners as well as personal care products as containing no intentionally added PFAS; products must also meet other environmental sustainability criteria.  Those looking to purchase PFAS-free food service ware, furniture and fabrics, or cleaners and degreasers can search the GreenScreen Certified products list for PFAS-free products or look for BPI Certified products. 

Actions that Connecticut has taken to address PFAS in consumer products and food service ware include: 

  • In response to the Connecticut PFAS Action Plan, the Department of Administrative Services (DAS) was charged with issuing new state contracts that specifically ban PFAS.  These contracts are mandatory for State Agencies but are also available for use by all political subdivisions of the state (i.e., municipalities.)  Consequently, a statewide contract was issued banning PFAS and related chemicals in food service products.  
  • In 2021, DEEP hired Weston & Sampson Engineers, Inc. to review the available research and summarize the presence and use of PFAS in consumer products. Findings of the effort indicated that waterproof textiles, floor and carpet protection and shampoos, baking and cookware, food packaging, fire fighting foams, automobile waxes and washes, biosolids, building materials, and metal plating operations are of greatest concern (among those categories researched) due to their frequency of use and disposal.  
  • Also in 2021, Public Act 21-191 was enacted, updating Connecticut’s Toxics in Packaging Law (Section 22a-255g-m of the Connecticut General Statutes (CGS) ) to restrict intentionally added PFAS in food packaging effective January 1, 2024. 
  • In June 2024, the Governor signed Public Act No. 24-59, An Act Concerning the Use of PFAS in Certain Products to regulate, through a phased approach that begins with labelling and notification requirements, the sale and use of certain products that contain intentionally added PFAS. 

For more information about the ban on intentionally added PFAS in Consumer Products, please contact Brenna Giannetti at 860-424-3536 or Brenna.Giannetti@ct.gov. 

For more information about the ban on intentionally added PFAS in Food Packaging, please contact Tom Metzner at 860-424-3242 or Tom.Metzner@ct.gov.  

School Food Service Ware and Food Composting

PFAS may be present in food ware. Food ware, or food service ware, includes things like containers, bowls, plates, trays, cups, lids, napkins, take out containers, etc. This presents a direct public health concern as well as an indirect concern if these materials are incorporated into composting systems.  DEEP's Sustainable Materials Management Program is particularly interested in working with schools engaged in obtaining PFAS-free food service ware.  In particular, DEEP is interested in working with schools that want to identify compostable PFAS-free food service ware for inclusion in their food waste composting programs. DEEP encourages consumers to purchase products and packaging that are BPI Certified.  These products have been reviewed by an independent third-party in order to verify that they do not contain a variety of chemicals, including fluorinated compounds (i.e., PFAS).  Food can safely be consumed using these items and the service ware can then also be composted alongside food scraps without negatively impacting compost quality. 

Composting is a great way to reuse resources and reduce the amount of solid waste produced by your household or organization. However, DEEP staff are working to educate composters regarding the potential for accidental PFAS-contamination of compost through inclusion of PFAS-containing food service ware. Schools interested in ensuring their composting program is PFAS-free are also encouraged to check out the Zero Waste Schools Coalition. The Coalition was formed to create a platform for schools in Connecticut and beyond to connect, learn and share ways to introduce or enhance programming to reduce waste in our schools. In addition to requesting products with BPI certification, Coalition members use the Center for Environmental Health's (CEH) recommended list of food ware to limit unwanted chemicals, including PFAS, in school waste streams. 

For more information about PFAS-free food service ware or school food composting, please contact Sherill Baldwin at Sherill.Baldwin@ct.gov or 860-424-3440.

Additional Resources:

Evaluation of the PFAS-Related Environmental Impacts of Artificial Turf Fields 

There is significant public interest regarding the environmental impact of artificial or synthetic turf fields, most recently in relation to PFAS.  DEEP is actively reviewing peer-reviewed scientific research results available to determine what, if any, PFAS-specific environmental impacts are associated with artificial turf. Given that this is an emerging area of research there is still a very limited number of studies available to consider.  

It is unclear whether installed artificial turf is a source of PFAS contamination to soil, surface water, and/or ground water.  Interpretation of monitoring results is complicated by the presence of PFAS in air and rainwater.  Studies that do not account for this are of limited utility for determining the environmental impact of synthetic turf, because it is unclear whether PFAS present in samples originated from the turf material, rainwater, or air deposition.  Similarly, studies that measure PFAS in surface water and groundwater without also collecting flow data have limitations. For example, PFAS concentrations in a stream may become diluted (decrease) during periods of significant rainfall and 'high flow.'  Such concentrations can also become concentrated and appear to increase during periods of limited precipitation and lower stream flows.  Comparing high flow data to low flow data can provide misleading results. To-date, DEEP is aware of only one peer-reviewed published field study (Lauria et al. 2022); although PFAS can be present in the turf material, the results of this study indicated that fluorinated substances remain bound to the turf material and are not released to the environment.

DEEP will continue to review new research as it is published and will utilize the best available science to inform any PFAS-related artificial turf actions or decisions.  If you are a researcher investigating this topic, DEEP encourages you to share your peer-reviewed work with our agency.

Additional Resources:

Contact Information

Questions or comments regarding the environmental impacts of PFAS in Connecticut should be sent to DEEP.PFAS@ct.gov.

Related DEEP Webpages

 

Content last updated November 29, 2024.