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Connecticut Assessment Resource Guide for Specific Learning Disabilities in Reading and Written Expression


Assessment Options for Reading-Related Component Skills


Letter/Word Recognition (real words)

Letter Recognition – The ability to recognize and name written letters of the alphabet with ease and accuracy.

Word Recognition – The accuracy, ease, and automaticity with which a skilled reader is able to read individual words.

Acadience Reading K-6*

  • Letter Naming Fluency
  • Oral Reading Fluency

aimswebPlus Early Literacy and Reading*

  • Letter Naming
  • Letter Word Sounds Fluency
  • Oral Reading Fluency
  • Word Reading Fluency

CORE Assessing Reading: Multiple Measures, Revised 2nd Edition

  • CORE Phonics Survey

Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills, 6th Edition (DIBELS)*

  • Letter Naming Fluency
  • Oral Reading Fluency

Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills, 8th Edition (DIBELS) or mCLASS DIBELS 8th Edition*

  • Letter Naming Fluency
  • Oral Reading Fluency
  • Word Reading Fluency

easyCBM*

  • Letter Names
  • Letter Sounds
  • Word Reading Fluency

Feifer Assessment of Reading (FAR)

  • Isolated Word Reading Fluency

Gallistel-Ellis Test of Coding Skills (GE Test)

Gray Diagnostic Reading Tests, 2nd Edition (GDRT-2)

  • Letter/Word Recognition
  • Reading Vocabulary

Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement, 3rd Edition (KTEA-3)

  • Letter and Word Recognition (both timed and untimed subtests)

Test of Word Reading Efficiency, 2nd Edition (TOWRE-2)

  • Sight Word Efficiency (timed)

Wechsler Individual Achievement Test, 4th Edition (WIAT-4)

  • Word Reading (untimed)
  • Orthographic Fluency (timed)

Wide Range Achievement Test, 5th Edition (WRAT-5)

  • Word Reading

Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Achievement (WJ-IV)

  • Letter-Word Identification (untimed)

Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests, 3rd Edition (WRMT-III)

  • Letter Identification
  • Word Identification

Word Identification and Spelling Test (WIST)

Word Identification

    Word Decoding (pseudowords)

    Word Decoding (pseudowords) – The ability to apply knowledge of letter-sound relationships and letter patterns to correctly read unfamiliar words, often assessed using nonsense words.

    Acadience Reading K-6*

    • Nonsense Word Fluency

    aimswebPlus Early Literacy and Reading*

    • Letter Word Sounds Fluency
    • Nonsense Word Fluency

    CORE Assessing Reading: Multiple Measures, Revised 2nd Edition

    • CORE Phonics Survey

    Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills, 6th Edition (DIBELS)*

    • Nonsense Word Fluency

    Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills, 8th Edition (DIBELS) or mCLASS DIBELS 8th Edition*

    • Nonsense Word Fluency

    Feifer Assessment of Reading (FAR)

    • Nonsense Word Decoding

    Gallistel-Ellis Test of Coding Skills (GE Test)

    Gray Diagnostic Reading Tests, 2nd Edition (GDRT-2)

    • Phonetic Analysis

    Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement, 3rd Edition (KTEA-3)

    • Nonsense Word Decoding (timed and untimed subtests)

    Phonological Awareness Test, 2nd Edition: Normative Update (PAT-2: NU)

    • Decoding Section (untimed)

    Test of Integrated Language and Literacy Skills (TILLS)

    • Nonword ReadingTest of Word Reading Efficiency, 2nd Edition (TOWRE-2)
    • Phonetic Decoding Efficiency (timed)

    Wechsler Individual Achievement Test, 4th Edition (WIAT-4)

    • Pseudoword Decoding (untimed)
    • Decoding Fluency (timed)

    Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Achievement (WJ-IV)

    • Word Attack (untimed)

    Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests, 3rd Edition (WRMT-III)

    • Word Attack

    Word Identification and Spelling Test (WIST)

    Sound-Symbol Knowledge

      Phonological Processing (phonological awareness, phonological memory, and rapid naming)

      Phonological Processing involves “the formation, retention, and/or use of phonological codes or speech while performing [a] cognitive or linguistic task or operation” (Scarborough & Brady, 2002, pp. 17-18). Phonological processes such as phonological and phonemic awareness, phonological memory, and rapid naming play important roles not only in learning to read and spell printed words, but also in memory and word retrieval.

      Acadience Reading K-6*

      • First Sound Fluency
      • Phoneme Segmentation Fluency

      Acadience RAN*

      • RAN Letters
      • RAN Numbers
      • RAN Objects

      aimswebPlus Early Literacy and Reading*

      • Initial Sounds
      • Phoneme Segmentation

      aimswebPlus RAN*

      • RAN Objects

      Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing, 2nd Edition (CTOPP-2)

      • Phonological Awareness, Phonological Memory, Rapid Symbolic Naming, Rapid Non-Symbolic Naming, and/or Alternate Phonological Awareness quotients

      Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills, 6th Edition (DIBELS)*

      • Initial Sound Fluency
      • Phoneme Segmentation Fluency

      Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills, 8th Edition (DIBELS) or mCLASS DIBELS 8th Edition*

      • Phonemic Segmentation Fluency

      easyCBM*

      • Phoneme Segmenting

      Feifer Assessment of Reading (FAR)

      • Phonological Awareness
      • Positioning Sounds
      • Rapid Automatic Naming
      • Verbal Fluency

      Gray Diagnostic Reading Tests, 2nd Edition (GDRT-2)

      • Phonological Awareness
      • Rapid Naming

      Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement, 3rd Edition (KTEA-3)

      • Phonological Awareness

      Lindamood Auditory Conceptualization Test, 3rd Edition (LAC-3)

      mCLASS RAN*

      • RAN Numbers

      The Phonological Awareness Profile

      • Phonological Awareness

      Phonological Awareness Test, 2nd Edition: Normative Update (PAT-2: NU)

      • Phonological Awareness Section

      Rapid Automatized Naming and Rapid Alternating Stimulus Tests (RAN/RAS)

      Test of Auditory Processing Skills, 4th Edition (TAPS-4)

      • Word (Pair) Discrimination
      • Phonological Blending
      • Phonological Deletion
      • Syllabic Blending (Supplemental)

      Test of Integrated Language and Literacy Skills (TILLS)

      • Phonemic Awareness
      • Nonword Repetition

      Test of Phonological Awareness, 2nd Edition: PLUS (TOPA-2+)

      Wechsler Individual Achievement Test, 4th Edition (WIAT-4)

      • Phonemic Proficiency

      Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Cognitive Abilities (WJ-IV)

      • Phonological Processing

      Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Oral Language (WJ-IV)

      • Rapid Picture Naming
      • Retrieval Fluency
      • Segmentation
      • Sound Awareness (rhyming and deletion)
      • Sound Blending
      • Rapid Picture Naming
      • Retrieval Fluency

      Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests, 3rd Edition (WRMT-III)

      • Phonological Awareness

      Rapid Automatic Naming

      Text Reading Accuracy (oral)

      Text Reading Accuracy (oral) – The ability to read connected text accurately.

      Acadience Reading K-6*

      • Oral Reading Fluency

      aimswebPlus Early Literacy and Reading*

      • Oral Reading Fluency

      Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills, 6th Edition (DIBELS)*

      • Oral Reading Fluency

      Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills, 8th Edition (DIBELS) or mCLASS DIBELS 8th Edition*

      • Oral Reading Fluency

      easyCBM*

      • Passage Reading Fluency

      Feifer Assessment of Reading (FAR)

      • Oral Reading Fluency

      Gray Oral Reading Tests, 5th Edition (GORT-5)

      • Accuracy

      Wechsler Individual Achievement Test, 4th Edition (WIAT-4)

      • Oral Reading Fluency – Base rate data for accuracy

      Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Achievement (WJ-IV)

      Oral Reading

        Text Reading Fluency/Rate (oral or silent)

        Text Reading Fluency/Rate (oral or silent) – The ability to read connected texts accurately, with ease, and with reasonable speed, as well as with a natural intonation.

        Acadience Reading K-6*

        • Oral Reading Fluency

        aimswebPlus Early Literacy and Reading*

        • Oral Reading Fluency

        Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills, 6th Edition (DIBELS)*

        • Oral Reading Fluency

        Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills, 8th Edition (DIBELS) or mCLASS DIBELS 8th Edition*

        • Oral Reading Fluency

        Feifer Assessment of Reading (FAR)

        • Oral Reading Fluency
        • Irregular Word Reading Fluency
        • Silent Reading Fluency

        Gray Oral Reading Tests, 5th Edition (GORT-5)

        • Rate (oral)
        • Fluency (oral)

        Test of Integrated Language and Literacy Skills (TILLS)

        • Reading Fluency (oral)

        Wechsler Individual Achievement Test, 4th Edition (WIAT-4)

        • Oral Reading Fluency – Base rate data for rate (oral)
        • Oral Reading Fluency Composite (oral)

        Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Achievement (WJ-IV)

        • Sentence Reading Fluency (silent)

        Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests, 3rd Edition (WRMT-III)

        Oral Reading Fluency

          Reading Comprehension (sentence and text level)

          Reading Comprehension (sentence and text level) – The ability of readers to understand what they are reading, including monitoring comprehension as they are reading, a complex multi-dimensional process.

          Acadience Reading K-6*

          • Maze

          aimswebPlus Early Literacy and Reading*

          • Reading Comprehension

          easyCBM*

          • Reading Comprehension

          Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills, 6th Edition (DIBELS)*

          • Retell Fluency

          Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills, 8th Edition (DIBELS) or mCLASS DIBELS 8th Edition*

          • Maze

          Feifer Assessment of Reading (FAR)

          • Silent Reading Comprehension (comprehension score)

          Gray Diagnostic Reading Tests, 2nd Edition (GDRT-2)

          • Meaningful Reading

          Gray Oral Reading Tests, 5th Edition (GORT-5)

          • Comprehension (passage reading and question answering)

          Gray Silent Reading Tests, 2nd Edition (GSRT-2)

          Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement, 3rd Edition (KTEA-3)

          • Reading Comprehension

          Oral and Written Language Scales, 2nd Edition (OWLS-II)

          • Reading Comprehension

          Test of Early Reading Ability, 4th Edition (TERA-4)

          • Meaning

          Test of Integrated Language and Literacy Skills (TILLS)

          • Reading Comprehension

          Test of Reading Comprehension, 4th Edition (TORC-4)

          • Text Comprehension

          Wechsler Individual Achievement Test, 4th Edition (WIAT-4)

          • Reading Comprehension

          Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Achievement (WJ-IV)

          Passage Comprehension

            Oral Language – Receptive Vocabulary and Morphology

            Oral Language: Receptive Vocabulary and Morphology – The ability to comprehend the meaning of individual words or parts of words (e.g., prefixes, suffixes) when they are presented orally or through pictures.

            aimswebPlus Early Literacy and Reading*

            • Auditory Vocabulary

            Comprehensive Assessment of Spoken Language, 2nd Edition (CASL-2)

            • Receptive Vocabulary
            • Synonyms
            • Grammatical Morphemes

            Comprehensive Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary Test, 3rd Edition (CREVT-3)

            • Receptive Vocabulary

            Gray Diagnostic Reading Tests, 2nd Edition (GDRT-2)

            • Listening Vocabulary

            Montgomery Assessment of Vocabulary Acquisition (MAVA)

            Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, 5th Edition (PPVT-5)

            Receptive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test, 4th Edition (ROWPVT-4)

            Test for Auditory Comprehension of Language, 4th Edition (TACL-4)

            • Grammatical Morphemes
            • Vocabulary

            Wechsler Individual Achievement Test, 4th Edition (WIAT-4)

            Receptive Vocabulary

              Oral Language – Expressive Vocabulary and Morphology

              Oral Language: Expressive Vocabulary and Morphology – The ability to orally express individual words and word parts (e.g., -ed ending on verbs), and use them correctly, in a way appropriate to their meaning.

              Acadience Reading K-6*

              • Word Use Fluency-Revised (untimed)

              Comprehensive Assessment of Spoken Language, 2nd Edition (CASL-2)

              • Antonyms
              • Expressive Vocabulary
              • Grammatical Morphemes
              • Grammaticality Judgment

              Comprehensive Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary Test, 3rd Edition (CREVT-3)

              • Expressive Vocabulary

              Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills, 6th Edition (DIBELS)*

              • Word Use Fluency

              Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test, 4th Edition (EOWPVT-4)

              Expressive Vocabulary Test, 3rd Edition (EVT-3)

              Feifer Assessment of Reading (FAR)

              • Semantic Concepts (synonyms and antonyms)

              Language Processing Test - Elementary, 3rd Edition (LPT 3: E)

              Montgomery Assessment of Vocabulary Acquisition (MAVA)

              Test of Integrated Language and Literacy Skills (TILLS)

              • Vocabulary Awareness

              Test of Word Finding, 3rd Edition (TWF-3)

              Wechsler Individual Achievement Test, 4th Edition (WIAT-4)

              • Expressive Vocabulary

              Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Cognitive Abilities (WJ-IV)

              • Oral Vocabulary

              Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Oral Language (WJ-IV)

              • Picture Vocabulary

              Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests, 3rd Edition (WRMT-III)

              • Word Comprehension

              The WORD Test - Elementary, 3rd Edition

              The WORD Test - Adolescent, 2nd Edition

                Oral Language – Broad Comprehension Skills (sentence and text-level)

                Oral Language: Broad Comprehension (sentence and text level) – The ability to understand the intended meaning of spoken sentences and longer discourse, including texts (e.g., stories) that are presented orally.

                Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals, 5th Edition (CELF-5)

                • Receptive Language Composite (varied formats)

                Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals, 5th Edition, Metalinguistics (CELF-5 Metalinguistics)

                Comprehensive Assessment of Spoken Language, 2nd Edition (CASL-2)

                • Receptive Language Index
                • Sentence Comprehension

                Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement, 3rd Edition (KTEA-3)

                • Listening Comprehension

                The Listening Comprehension Test, 2nd Edition (LCT-2)

                The Listening Comprehension Test - Adolescent: Normative Update (LCT-A: NU)

                Oral and Written Language Scales, 2nd Edition (OWLS-II)

                • Listening Comprehension

                Test for Auditory Comprehension of Language, 4th Edition (TACL-4)

                • Elaborated Phrases and Sentences

                Test of Adolescent and Adult Language, 4th Edition (TOAL-4)

                Test of Early Language Development, 4th Edition (TELD-4)

                Test of Integrated Language and Literacy Skills (TILLS)

                • Listening Comprehension

                Test of Language Development - Intermediate, 5th Edition (TOLD-I:5)

                Test of Language Development - Primary, 5th Edition (TOLD-P:5)

                • Listening Composite

                Test of Narrative Language, 2nd Edition (TNL-2)

                Wechsler Individual Achievement Test, 4th Edition (WIAT-4)

                • Oral Discourse Comprehension

                Wide Range Achievement Test, 5th Edition (WRAT-5)

                • Sentence Comprehension

                Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Achievement (WJ-IV)

                • Oral Comprehension (cloze)

                Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Oral Language

                • Oral Comprehension
                • Understanding Direction

                Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests, 3rd Edition (WRMT-III)

                Listening Comprehension

                  Oral Language – Broad Expressive Skills (sentence and text-level)

                  Oral Language: Broad Expressive Skills (sentence and text-level) – The ability to produce coherent language orally in sentences and longer discourse (e.g., conversations, summaries, descriptions).

                  Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals, 5th Edition (CELF-5)

                  • Expressive Language Composite (varied formats)

                  Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals, 5th Edition, Metalinguistics (CELF-5 Metalinguistics)

                  Comprehensive Assessment of Spoken Language, 2nd Edition (CASL-2)

                  • Double Meaning
                  • Idiomatic Language
                  • Inference
                  • Meaning from Context
                  • Nonliteral Language
                  • Sentence Expression

                  Expressive Language Test, 2nd Edition: Normative Update (ELT-2: NU)

                  Language Processing Test - Elementary, 3rd Edition (LPT-3: E)

                  Oral and Written Language Scales, 2nd Edition (OWLS-II)

                  • Oral Expression

                  Test of Adolescent and Adult Language, 4th Edition (TOAL-4)

                  Test of Early Language Development, 4th Edition (TELD-3)

                  Test of Integrated Language and Literacy Skills (TILLS)

                  • Story Retelling
                  • Delayed Story Retelling

                  Test of Language Development - Intermediate, 5th Edition (TOLD-I:5)

                  Test of Language Development - Primary, 5th Edition (TOLD-P:5)

                  • Speaking Composite

                  Test of Narrative Language, 2nd Edition (TNL-2)

                  Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Cognitive Abilities (WJ-IV)

                  • Story Recall

                  Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Oral Language

                  • Sentence Repetition

                    Oral Language – Pragmatics

                    Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals, 5th Edition (CELF-5)

                    • Pragmatics Profile
                    • Pragmatics Activity Checklist

                    Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals, 5th Edition, Metalinguistics (CELF-5 Metalinguistics)

                    Comprehensive Assessment of Spoken Language, 2nd Edition (CASL-2)

                    • Pragmatic Language

                    Social Language Development Test – Adolescent: Normative Update (SLDT-A: NU)

                    Social Language Development Test - Elementary: Normative Update (SLDT-E: NU)

                    Test of Integrated Language and Literacy Skills (TILLS)

                    • Social Communication

                    Test of Pragmatic Language, 2nd Edition (TOPL-2)

                    Spelling

                    Gallistel-Ellis Test of Coding Skills (GE Test)

                    • Spelling

                    Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement, 3rd Edition (KTEA-3)

                    • Spelling

                    Test of Integrated Language and Literacy Skills (TILLS)

                    • Nonword Spelling

                    Test of Written Language, 4th Edition (TOWL-4)

                    • Spelling

                    Test of Written Spelling, 5th Edition (TWS-5)

                    Wechsler Individual Achievement Test, 4th Edition (WIAT-4)

                    • Spelling

                    Wide Range Achievement Test, 5th Edition (WRAT-5)

                    • Spelling

                    Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Achievement (WJ-IV)

                    • Spelling

                    Word Identification and Spelling Test (WIST)

                    Spelling

                    Written Expression

                    Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement, 3rd Edition (KTEA-3)

                    • Written Expression

                    Oral and Written Language Scales, 2nd Edition (OWLS-II)

                    • Written Expression

                    Test of Early Written Language, 3rd Edition (TEWL-3)

                    Test of Written Language, 4th Edition (TOWL-4)

                    Wechsler Individual Achievement Test, 4th Edition (WIAT-4)

                    • Sentence Composition
                    • Sentence Writing Fluency
                    • Essay Composition

                    Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Achievement (WJ-IV)

                    • Sentence Writing Fluency

                    Writing Samples