A tax credit may be applied against the tax imposed under Chapter 208 (Corporation Business Tax) for research and development expenses incurred in Connecticut.  

Definitions

Qualified small business means a company that has gross income for the previous income year that does not exceed $100 million and has not met the gross income test through transactions with a related person.

Research and development expenses mean those expenses that may be deducted under IRC §174, as in effect on May 28, 1993, and basic research payments as defined under IRC §41, provided the expenditures and payments are:

• Paid or incurred for the research and experimentation and basic research conducted in Connecticut; and
• Not funded, as provided in IRC §41(d)(4)(H), by any grant, contract, or otherwise by a person or governmental entity other than the taxpayer unless the other person is included in a combined return with the person paying or incurring such expenses.

Research and development expenses may include but are not limited to:

• Expenditures incurred in connection with the taxpayer’s trade or business represent research and development  costs in the experimental or laboratory sense;
• All costs incident to the development or improvement of a product including any pilot, model, process, formula, invention, technique, patent, or similar property. The product can be used by the corporation in its trade or business or can be held for sale, lease, or license; or
• Costs of obtaining a patent, such as attorneys’ fees expended in making and perfecting a patent application.

The following are examples of IRC §174 expenses that do not qualify:

• Overhead and other expenses, such as general and administrative expenses, that relate to a corporation’s activities as a whole and do not contribute directly to the research and development effort; or
•  The ordinary testing or inspection of materials or products for quality control, for efficiency surveys, management studies, consumer surveys, advertising or promotions, for research in connection with literary, historical, or similar projects, and the costs of acquiring another’s patent, model, production, or process.

Tax Credit Amount

A qualified small business is entitled to a tentative tax credit equal to 6% of its research and development expenses. All other companies calculate their tax credit as provided in the chart below:

If it results in a greater tentative tax credit, companies headquartered in an Enterprise Zone, with revenues in excess of $3 billion, employing more than 2,500 employees, shall multiply their research and development expenses by 3.5% instead of using the tax credit percentage listed above.

Connecticut Wage Base Reduction

Taxpayers that pay or incur more than $200 million in research and development expenses in an income year must reduce their Research and Development tax credit if workforce reductions exceed certain percentages. To determine the extent of workforce reductions, the current Connecticut wage base is compared to a historic Connecticut wage base determined from the third full income year immediately preceding the current income year. The Connecticut wage base is calculated from the total wages assigned to Connecticut with exclusions for the ten most highly paid executives of the taxpayer.

The Research and Development tax credit must be reduced by the following percentages based on the extent of the workforce reduction from the historic wage base.

How to Compute the Tax Credit

The allowable tax credit is the lesser of:

• One-third of the amount of the tax credit allowable for any income year; or
• The greater of:

1.   50% of the taxpayer’s tax liability, determined without regard to any tax credits allowed by this tax credit; or

2.   The lesser of 200% of the tax credit otherwise allowed for the income year or 90% of the taxpayer’s tax liability, determined without regard to this tax credit.

Any taxpayer also claiming a corporate business tax credit on Form CT-1120RC, Research and Expenses Tax Credit, must reduce the amount of research and development expenses that might otherwise be taken into account in computing the allowable credit by the amount of the incremental increase in research and experimental expenditures, as computed on Form CT-1120RC.

Calculate the tax credit by multiplying the amount spent on research and development conducted in Connecticut by the appropriate percentage.

Combined Unitary Return Filers

In the case of a taxpayer filing Form CT-1120CU, Combined Unitary Corporation Business Tax Return, all allowances and limitations will be made on an aggregate basis for all taxpayers included in the combined unitary return, provided, the tax credit attributable to a qualified small business may be taken only against the combined unitary tax liability attributable to the qualified small business.

Carryforward and Carryback Limitations

In general, the amount of tax credits allowable against the corporation business tax shall not exceed 50.01% of the amount of tax due. However, Research and Development Expenses Tax Credits may be used up to 60% of the tax due in income year 2022, and up to 70% of the tax due in income year 2023 and thereafter.

For income years that begin prior to January 1, 2021, tax credits that are allowed but that exceed the limitation amounts may be carried forward to each successive income year until such credits are fully taken. Unused R&D Tax Credits that are earned during income years that begin on or after January 1, 2021 may be carried forward for up to 15 years.

All allowable tax credits from prior years must be carried forward and applied before the current year tax credit may be taken. No carryback is allowed.

How to Claim the Tax Credit

Complete Form CT-1120 RDC and attached it to Form CT-1120K. The following information should be attached to Form CT-1120 RDC.

• A full and complete description of the nature of the research projects conducted by the company during the income year, and the location(s) where the research is conducted;
• A full and complete description of the methods used to obtain the total expenditures and payments for research and experimentation and basic research conducted in Connecticut;
• A detailed description of each source of information used to compute the tax credit, including the methods and calculations of expense allocation, if any; and
• The job title and detailed description of each employee whose wage are included in the research expenses.

Exchange of Tax Credit for Refund

A qualified small business that cannot take this tax credit in an income year in which it could otherwise be taken, as a result of having no tax liability, may exchange the tax credit with the State of Connecticut for a tax credit refund equal to 65% of the value of the tax credit or may elect to carry the tax credit forward as indicated above.

For the purpose of exchanging tax credits, qualified small business means a company that has gross income for the previous year that does not exceed $70 million and has not met the gross income test through transactions with a related person. Note that while the definition of qualified small business contains a $70 million gross income amount for tax credit exchange purposes, a $100 million gross income amount is used to determine whether a taxpayer meets the definition of a qualified small business for the purposes of determining the correct tax credit percentage.

A qualified small business may receive no more than $1,500,000 of tax credit refund for any one income year. A qualified small business that files a Form CT-1120 is permitted to exchange this tax credit if:

• The company’s apportioned amount of net income is zero or negative, regardless of the amount of its capital base tax; or
• The company’s capital base tax is equal to $250.

A qualified small business that files as part of a combined group on a Form CT-1120CU is permitted to exchange this tax credit if the group pays tax on the capital base and:

• The qualified small business’s apportioned amount of the combined group’s net income is zero or negative, regardless of its portion of the capital base tax; or
• The qualified small business’s portion of the capital base tax is equal to $250.             

A qualified small business that wishes to exchange tax credits must complete Form CT-1120 XCH, Application for Exchange of Research and Development or Research and Experimental Expenditures Tax Credits by a Qualified Small Business, and submit such form at the same time it files its return for the income year on or before the original due date or, if applicable, the extended due date of the return. No application for refund of the tax credit may be made after the due date or extended due date of the return.

Where to Get Additional Information

Direct inquiries to:

Connecticut Department of Revenue Services

450 Columbus Boulevard

Hartford CT 06103

1-800-382-9463 (Connecticut calls outside the Greater Hartford calling area only), or

860-297-5962 (from anywhere)

Statutory and Regulatory References

Conn. Gen. Stat. §12-217n; Conn. Gen. Stat. §12-217ee; IRC §§41 and 174. 

Last updated March 22, 2022